When a trait is both structurally and functionally highly derived from an ancestor, a related question is the extent to which many precursory changes are necessary to “discover” a new function, or whether functional changes occur early and subsequent phenotypic change is driven by selection to explore a new adaptive landscape (i.e., a type of “major” or “key” innovation leading to morphological diversification ). For example, investigations into the evolution of biochemical pathways have centered on whether mutational steps preceding the appearance of new functions are adaptive, neutral, or even maladaptive. While most agree the evolution of new complex features involves sequences of gradual changes, these transitional pathways are not yet well understood across systems and different types of traits. However, understanding how transitions in function evolve when they require changes in multiple interacting parts remains a major challenge. These innovations allow organisms to exploit new ecological niches, change the structure of communities, and impact the organization of biodiversity from local to biogeographic scales. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Įvolutionary change is marked by occasional breakthroughs in organismal design, often involving the reorganization of parts into new functional systems. at UIUC’s center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies. specimen list, phylogenetic reconstruction, ancestral state estimation, morphometrics, CT scans) are included in a Dryad repository ( ).įunding: This work was supported by subsidy funding to the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) and a JSPS Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid to E.P.E. All data and code used in the analyses (i.e. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Raw sequence data is deposited in the Digital Data Bank of Japan under bioproject ID PRJDB9139. Received: JAccepted: JanuPublished: March 2, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Booher et al. PLoS Biol 19(3):Īcademic Editor: Abderrahman Khila, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRANCE (2021) Functional innovation promotes diversification of form in the evolution of an ultrafast trap-jaw mechanism in ants. This finding, whereby incremental changes in form lead to a change of function, followed by large morphological reorganization around the new function, provides a model for understanding the evolution of complex biomechanical traits, as well as insights into why such innovations often happen repeatedly.Ĭitation: Booher DB, Gibson JC, Liu C, Longino JT, Fisher BL, Janda M, et al. We found that most morphological diversification occurred after evolution of latch-spring mechanisms, which evolved via minor realignments of mouthpart structures. The trap mechanism facilitates a 6 to 7 order of magnitude greater mandible acceleration relative to simpler ancestors, currently the fastest recorded acceleration of a resettable animal movement. Using a new phylogenetic reconstruction of 470 species, and X-ray microtomography and high-speed videography of representative taxa, we found the trap-jaw mechanism evolved independently 7 to 10 times in a single ant genus ( Strumigenys), resulting in the repeated evolution of diverse forms on different continents. How does natural selection redesign multiple interacting parts to achieve a new emergent function? We investigated the evolution of a biomechanical innovation, the latch-spring mechanism of trap-jaw ants, to address 2 outstanding evolutionary problems: how form and function change in a system during the evolution of new complex traits, and whether such innovations and the diversity they beget are repeatable in time and space. Evolutionary innovations underlie the rise of diversity and complexity-the 2 long-term trends in the history of life.
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In explorer I can see and access everything in the scene, objects, hierarchy, render passes, materials, deformers, scripts, images, sound, I’ve never seen another software I can do this in a single window. Softimage is also the best option for artists freelancers or small studios, as it comes with enough tools to any task, without the need to install several plugins and scripts to start working, you don’t need to have a knowledge of programming to get more sink on a task, using ICE (Interactive Creative Environment )is very easy modify, create a tool, or access and modify data.Īmong the main features of Softimage compared with others DCC I highlight: Launched in 2000, the Softimage XSI was a complete restructuring of the Softimage|3d, using all the knowledge and experience already tested in major productions effects, with a new architecture, interface, and improved workflow focus on the artist. Jurassic Park and Starship Troopers were the main movies that influenced me to work with 3d, and in the games Myst, Riven, Final Fantasy VII. Softimage XSI is the newest and modern software of the 3 (Softimage, Max and Maya), Softimage XSI 1.0 was released in 2000, but based on Softimage|3d, released in 1988 used by Industrial Light and Magic to animate the dinosaurs, from the movie that revolutionized the digital effects in 1993, Jurassic Park and other major productions. I thought the modeling in 3ds Max was excellent, but when I try to do some character modeling, it would take a lot to get a good result, when adapted in Softimage, found it amazing agility in modeling, in the selection of components, in general or partial modification of the mesh, actually a step forward in all aspects, and realize how much workflow in 3ds Max was limited, disorganized and slow. At first I found it a very weird software, but then I understood well the workflow, with the help of some DVD classes. 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If you play a Spade and no one else does, you win the trick. If you are out of the lead suit, you can play any card you like. Now for the tricky part and the reason the game is calls Spades. The highest card in that suit wins the trick. Play begins with the player to the dealer's left leading a card. Your bid and your partners are then added together and this is the number of tricks your team must take. To start you must estimate how many tricks you think you can take with your hand. Each player plays one card and together they are called a trick. The game begins with all cards being dealt. If a player bids Nil, (meaning they expect to win no tricks), then they may, depending on the rule settings, be allowed to exchange up to four cards with their partner once everyone else has bid. The sum of partnership bids are called the contract. Starting with the dealer, each player in turn bids the number of tricks she expects to win. The hand is sorted by suit, then rank: Clubs, Diamonds, Spades, Hearts. The layoutĮach player is dealt a hand of 13 cards from a 52 card deck. The object of this game is to be the first team to reach 300 or 500 points. Players sitting across from each other are partners on the same team. Spades is a trick-based card game for 4 players. In general, the goal of each Hand of Spades is to predict or Bid on how many Tricks you will take during that hand. It is a partnership card game that, like Bridge, is descended from the old English game of Whist. Spades is a trick-taking card game devised in the United States in the 1930s and became popular in the 1940s. Możesz łatwo (jednym kliknięciem na przycisk "Odinstaluj") użyć tych logów by odinstalować programy z Twojego komputera. 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Using dice, students will roll and move their game pieces around the board, reading words as they go. The vocabulary words in these lists will appear in the spelling tests of SpellQuiz - Spelling Test for Sight Words 6th 100 Fry Sight Words for building English vocabulary, printable in PDF format. Practice Sight Words and test your vocabulary in Spelling Tests for Sight Words. Using game pieces and dice, students will practice six words at a time. Spelling Words Spelling Bee Words Sight Words. These words are not grouped based on frequency, but rather a mix of all Second Grade words to help students review all words.īump!: Bump is a fun game that my students beg to play each day. Roll & Read: In this center, you'll find four pages with an twenty-four words to review on each page. far full got grow hold hot hurt if keep kind Dolch Sight Words Flash Cards 3rd Grade. better bring carry clean cut done draw drink eight fall Dolch Sight Words Flash Cards 3rd Grade. These four words were chosen based on frequency. Dolch Sight Words Flash Cards 2nd Grade 3rd Grade 3rd Grade. Included in this file are Second Grade Flash Cards and FIVE centers:Ĭonnect Four: This center includes twelve pages to use to practice four sight words at a time. I use these in my small groups with an assistant or myself as well. In this set of Dolch Sight Word Printables, your students can practice Second Grade Dolch words in engaging ways without spending hours prepping centers. (11 pages) My Word.Do you have students who need practice with basic sight words? I love having quick, NO PREP centers that my students look forward to doing each day. My Word Book: Pre-Primer Dolch Sight Words Writing Practice Pin21FacebookTweet My Word Book (Pre-Primer Dolch) Printable pages can be assembled into a little book with the Pre-Primer Dolch sight words.Pre-Primer Dolch Sight Word Printables Pin21FacebookTweet Pre-Primer Dolch Lists, Recording Sheet & Flashcards The Dolch sight word lists were developed by Dr.Primer Dolch Sight Word Printables Pin40FacebookTweet Kindergarten Dolch Word List, Cards & Record Sheet The Dolch sight word lists were developed by Dr.First Grade Dolch Sight Word Printables Pin3FacebookTweet 1st Grade Dolch Recording Sheet, Lists & Flashcards The Dolch sight word lists were developed by Dr.Third Grade Dolch Sight Word Printables Pin896FacebookTweet 3rd Grade Dolch Word Lists, Recording Sheet & Flashcards The Dolch sight word lists were developed by Dr.Larger printable list for flashcards, assembling into a mini-book or display, etc. Includes a space to record the date and check off words as they are mastered.ĭolch Second Grade Sight Words Printable Cards (12 pages) Simple sheet with the 46 second grade words listed.ĭolch Second Grade Sight Words Recording Sheet There are 46 second grade Dolch words: always, around, because, been, before, best, both, buy, call, cold, does, don’t, fast, first, five, found, gave, goes, green, its, made, many, off, or, pull, read, right, sing, sit, sleep, tell, their, these, those, upon, us, use, very, wash, which, why, wish, work, would, write, your Dolch words, or sight words, are critical in early reading development because they represent high-frequency words, many of which cannot be sounded out and. He studied the high frequency words that appeared in children’s books in the 1930s and 40s and used his research to compile these lists. The Dolch sight word lists were developed by Dr. Pin 1.1k Facebook Tweet 2nd Grade Dolch Recording Sheet, Lists & Flashcards Some of the 2nd grade sight words are, listen, around, clock, pretty, children, idea, since, answer, about, float, flow, first, second, sister, brother, father. This makes it great for students and those who travel often. One final note: EssentialPIM comes in a portable version, which you can load onto a USB flash drive or external hard drive and use on any computer. It's securely encrypted, acts as a backup, and allows you to access your data from anywhere with just a web browser. In addition to email, EssentialPIM has Calendar, Tasks, Notes, Contacts, and Password management features.įor $2 per month or $20 per year, you can get an EssentialPIM Cloud plan that stores and synchronizes all of the non-email features above. 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I actually couldn't decide which was heavier - the MX Revolution or the Apple wireless Mighty Mouse with its lithium batteries. Left to Right: Pantech C300, iPod Nano, Samsung A-920, Motorola Q, Apple wireless Mighty Mouse, MX Revolution.Ĭompared to other cordless laser mice, I don't find the MX Revolution too different in terms of weight. Logitech wants you to access the Alt+Tab/Apple+Tab interface with the quick-flip but I have found it equally handy just as a scroll device. The quick-flip wheel is like a spring-loaded scroll wheel that only goes forward or backward a bit. There is a rubber-clad thumbrest area with the document quick-flip wheel and 2 additional buttons within reach. Logitech has always been known for producing well-fitting, comfortable mice and the MX Revolution is definitely no exception. Clip cut from ScobleShow with permission from Robert Scoble. Ryan Block from Engadget comments on the MX Revolution. Free spin is by far the coolest aspect of this hyper-fast scroll wheel as Logitech calls it. For example, in the Logitech software (which is available for Windows XP, Vista and as a universal binary for OS X) I have it set to use the clicky ratchet mode until I scroll fast enough, at which point the scroll wheel goes into free spin mode. Depending on how you setup the options in software, the main scroll wheel has two modes - the regular "ratchet" mode and an uninhibited free spin mode. However, the best feature of the mouse lies in what Logitech calls SmartShift technology. The MX Revolution has a smaller, well-designed charging dock compared to the MX1000's base. |
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